影響翻譯質量的因素有哪些?

　　翻譯質量指的是客戶明確提出，或客戶使用要求中客觀包含的要求能否滿足，今天醫學翻譯公司給大家分享影響翻譯質量的因素：

　　Translation quality refers to whether the requirements specified by the clients or objectively contained in the users'requirements can be met. Today, medical translation companies share with you the factors that affect the quality of translation.

　　一、文本因素

　　Ⅰ. Textual factors

　　1、語義理解障礙：

　　1. Obstacles to Semantic Understanding:

　　閱讀和分析原文階段，原文的語義含糊性和句法復雜性是影響等值程度最主要的因素。由于原文有意無意的語義含糊，譯者很難確定原文的真實語義，不同的人有不同的理解，也就產生不同的譯文。如，以漢語為母語的人常喜歡間接地或迂回地表達自己對一個男孩或女孩長相的看法，便說“她長得困難”——這就不能不給譯者帶來“別扭”的感覺。如果直譯為“She grows difficult.”老外讀了可能費解;如果意譯為“She looks ugly.”原文的風趣就喪失了。

　　In the stage of reading and analyzing the original text, the semantic ambiguity and syntactic complexity of the original text are the most important factors affecting the degree of equivalence. Because of the intentional or unintentional ambiguity of the original text, it is difficult for the translator to determine the true meaning of the original text. Different people have different understandings, and thus different translations are produced. For example, native speakers of Chinese often like to express indirectly or circuitously their views on a boy or girl's appearance, and then say "she is difficult to grow" - which can not help but give the translator a feeling of "awkwardness". If literally translated as "She grows difficult." foreigners may be puzzled; if freely translated as "She looks ugly." the original text loses its wit.

　　要克服語義含糊，準確傳達原文語義就要求譯者對原語有較高的把握能力，盡可能綜合考慮與原文語義相關的所有因素，挖掘出原文真實內涵。即便如此也難實現絕對的“等值”。

　　To overcome semantic ambiguity and convey the original semantics accurately, translators are required to have a high grasp of the source language, take all the factors related to the original semantics into consideration as far as possible, and excavate the true connotation of the original text. Even so, it is difficult to achieve absolute "equivalence".

　　原文句法過于復雜也是譯者遇到的比較棘手的問題，翻譯前譯者不得不將復雜的句法重新梳理一遍，即先進行語內翻譯，然后再轉換成譯語，這也在一定程度上影響了等值程度。

　　The complexity of the original sentence is also a thorny problem for the translator. Before translation, the translator has to reorganize the complex syntax, that is, to translate it into the target language first and then into the target language, which also affects the equivalence to a certain extent.

　　2、表達方式相異：

　　2. Different ways of expression:

　　分析完原文后，在原文轉換成譯文階段，譯者同樣遇到很多影響等值的因素，大都與表達方式、文體風格有關。原文里同一個句法單位，譯文通常都有幾種等值程度不一的表達方式與之對應(固定用法除外)，表達方式的取舍在一定程度上決定了譯文等值程度的高低。

　　After the analysis of the original text, translators also encounter many factors affecting equivalence, mostly related to the way of expression and style. In the same syntactic unit of the original text, the translation usually has several expressions with different equivalence (except for fixed usage). To some extent, the choice of expression determines the degree of equivalence of the translation.

　　我們的取舍原則是選擇最自然的對等物，即采用最符合譯語表達習慣及慣用語搭配的表達方式。

　　Our principle of choice is to choose the most natural equivalents, that is, to adopt the expressions that are most in line with the conventions and collocations of idioms in the target language.

　　3、語法結構不同：

　　3. Different grammatical structures:

　　正如Mona Baker所說，不同語言有不同的語法范疇、語法規則和語法結構，這些不同導致它們傳達信息的方式也不同。譯文語言若缺失原文語言的某種語法范疇或結構，則在譯文中很難找到一個與原文直接對應的對等物，譯者也不得不對原文的信息或增或刪、做出某些取舍。在這些影響翻譯的語法范疇中，Mona Baker尤其強調了數、性、時態和語體、語態、人稱。

　　As Mona Baker said, different languages have different grammatical categories, rules and structures, which lead to different ways of conveying information. If the target language lacks some grammatical category or structure of the source language, it is difficult to find a direct equivalent in the target text, and the translator has to add or delete the information of the source text and make some trade-offs. Among the grammatical categories that influence translation, Mona Baker emphasizes numeral, gender, tense and style, voice and person in particular.

　　因此，不同語言之間的語法差異也是影響等值程度的一個重要因素。語法差異越大，達到等值的難度也就越大。

　　Therefore, the grammatical differences between different languages are also an important factor affecting the degree of equivalence. The greater the difference in grammar, the more difficult it is to achieve equivalence.

　　4、文章體裁：

　　4. The genre of the article:

　　文章體裁是影響翻譯等值程度一個很重要的因素。不同體裁具有不同的功能，是表情功能、信息功能抑或呼語功能，這在翻譯中都不能忽視。奈達在論述“動態對等”時提出的四條原則之一便是譯文與原文的文學體裁所起的作用一致。

　　Genre is a very important factor affecting translation equivalence. Different genres have different functions, such as expressive function, informative function or vocative function, which can not be ignored in translation. One of the four principles Nida put forward when discussing "dynamic equivalence" is that the literary genre of the original text plays the same role.

　　例如，原文體裁若具有認識職能，譯文也須具有這種職能，原文的語言職能是美學職能，譯文也須實現美學職能。詩歌被普遍認為是最難達到等值甚至是一種不可譯的文學體裁，不僅因為它在文字、音韻、隱喻等方面的特性，更因為蘊含其中的神韻、意境或者說是味道，即詩之所以為詩的東西都使常人無法企及。

　　For example, if the original genre has the cognitive function, the translation must also have this function. The linguistic function of the original text is the aesthetic function, and the translation must also realize the aesthetic function. Poetry is generally regarded as the most difficult literary genre to achieve equivalence or even untranslatability, not only because of its characteristics in terms of characters, phonology and metaphor, but also because of its charm, artistic conception or taste, that is, what makes poetry poetry impossible for ordinary people to reach.

　　不同的文章體裁應有不同的等值標準，甚至是每篇文章都應有其自身的等值標準。

　　Different genres of articles should have different equivalence criteria, and even each article should have its own equivalence criteria.

　　二、文化因素

　　Ⅱ. Cultural factors

　　不同民族擁有不同的歷史背景、思維模式、社會習俗，于是形成自己獨特的文化背景，這些文化差異都會承載于各自不同的語言當中。正確理解原文的文化內涵，分析原語和譯語的文化差異是做到等值翻譯的一個前提條件。一般來說，兩種語言文化之間差異越大，這兩種語言之間的等值轉換就越難，等值程度也越會受到影響。

　　Different nationalities have different historical backgrounds, modes of thinking and social customs, thus forming their own unique cultural background, these cultural differences will be carried in their different languages. Correct understanding of the cultural connotations of the source text and analysis of cultural differences between the source language and the target language are prerequisites for equivalence translation. Generally speaking, the greater the difference between the two languages and cultures, the more difficult the equivalence conversion between the two languages will be, and the more the degree of equivalence will be affected.

　　我們在翻譯中只有充分考慮到這種文化差異性，盡量將原語的文化信息、文化內涵用符合譯語文化習慣的表達方式表現出來，這樣才能達到較高程度的等值。

　　Only when we fully consider this cultural difference and try to express the cultural information and connotation of the source language in a way consistent with the cultural habits of the target language, can we achieve a higher degree of equivalence.

　　三、譯者因素

　　Ⅲ. Translator factors

　　翻譯也離不開人類活動，其結果還在很大程度上取決于譯者。譯者具有自身的興趣、愛好、優勢、語言能力和語言外經歷，這些都決定著其翻譯結果。

　　Translation is also inseparable from human activities, and the result depends largely on the translator. Translators have their own interests, hobbies, advantages, linguistic competence and extralinguistic experience, which determine their translation results.

　　譯者自身水平的高低，即其綜合素養也成為影響等值程度的重要因素。它包括譯者的雙語掌握程度、對兩種文化的認識深度和敏感度及對譯文受眾理解能力和知識范圍的預知能力等等。

　　The translator's own level, that is, his comprehensive literacy, has also become an important factor affecting the degree of equivalence. It includes the translator's bilingual proficiency, the depth and sensitivity of understanding the two cultures, the ability to understand the target audience and the ability to predict the scope of knowledge, etc.

　　一般來說，譯者解決問題的能力越強、綜合素質越高，獲得等值的可能性就越大，等值程度也就越高。譯本的優劣，關鍵在于譯者，在于譯者的譯才，在于譯者的譯才是否得到充分施展。

　　Generally speaking, the stronger the translator's problem-solving ability and comprehensive quality, the greater the possibility of obtaining equivalence and the higher the degree of equivalence. The key to the quality of the translated version lies in the translator, the translator's translation ability and whether the translator's translation ability is fully utilized.

中譯國際翻譯（北京）有限公司
China International Translation service Co., Ltd.